Phosphorous combines with calcuim to form hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate - compounds to give rigidity to bones and teeth.
Phosphorous also serves as an essential component of intracellular cAMP and the intramuscualr high-energy ATP (the cell's unit of energy). Phosphorous also combines with lipids to form the lipid bilayer of cells.
Phosphorous also buffers acid end products of energy metabolism, hence some coaches recommend consuming "phosphate drinks" to reduce the acid effects of intense exercise and enhance oxygen release from red blood cells.
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